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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Iraq
- and Pakistan
- Map references:
- Middle East
- Area:
- total area:
- 1.648 million sq km
- land area:
- 1.636 million sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly larger than Alaska
- Land boundaries:
- total 5,440 km, Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432
- km, Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey
- 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km
- Coastline:
- 2,440 km
- note:
- Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
- Maritime claims:
- contiguous zone:
- 24 nm
- continental shelf:
- natural prolongation
- exclusive economic zone:
- bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to
- work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their
- eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom
- of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies
- two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic),
- Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra
- (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly
- administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE,
- Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian); in 1992 the dispute over
- Abu Musa and the Tunb islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried
- to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu
- Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant
- diplomatic support for the UAE in the region, but in 1994 it increased its
- military presence on the disputed islands; periodic disputes with
- Afghanistan over Helmand water rights; Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet
- determined
- Climate:
- mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
- Terrain:
- rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small,
- discontinuous plains along both coasts
- Natural resources:
- petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese,
- zinc, sulfur
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 8%
- permanent crops:
- 0%
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Geography
- meadows and pastures:
- 27%
- forest and woodland:
- 11%
- other:
- 54%
- Irrigated land:
- 57,500 sq km (1989 est.)
- Environment:
- current issues:
- air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery
- operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing;
- desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; inadequate supplies of
- potable water
- natural hazards:
- periodic droughts, floods; duststorms, sandstorms; earthquakes along the
- Western border
- international agreements:
- party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
- Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
- Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine
- Life Conservation
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 64,625,455 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 45% (female 14,113,933; male 14,995,015)
- 15-64 years:
- 51% (female 16,237,810; male 16,803,943)
- 65 years and over:
- 4% (female 1,197,869; male 1,276,885) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 2.29% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 34.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 6.85 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- -5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 54.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 66.97 years
- male:
- 65.77 years
- female:
- 68.22 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 4.93 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Iranian(s)
- adjective:
- Iranian
- Ethnic divisions:
- Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%,
- Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
- Religions:
- Shi'a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and
- Baha'i 1%
- Languages:
- Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish
- 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1991)
- total population:
- 66%
- male:
- 74%
- female:
- 56%
- Labor force:
- 15.4 million
- by occupation:
- agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%
- note:
- shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- conventional short form:
- Iran
- local long form:
- Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
- local short form:
- Iran
- Digraph:
- IR
- Type:
- theocratic republic
- Capital:
- Tehran
- Administrative divisions:
- 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari (West
- Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Khavari (East Azerbaijan), Bakhtaran, Bushehr,
- Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam,
- Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan,
- Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd,
- Zanjan
- note:
- there may be a new province named Ardabil formed from a part of Azarbayjan-e
- Khavari (East Azerbaijan) which may have been renamed Azarbayjan-e Markazi
- (Central Azerbaijan); the name Bakhtaran may have been changed to
- Kermanshahan
- Independence:
- 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)
- National holiday:
- Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
- Constitution:
- 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and
- eliminate the prime ministership
- Legal system:
- the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government
- Suffrage:
- 15 years of age; universal
- Executive branch:
- supreme leader (rahbar) and functional chief of state:
- Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4
- June 1989)
- head of government:
- President Ali Akbar Hashemi-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989); election last
- held June 1993 (next to be held June 1997); results - Ali Akbar
- Hashemi-RAFSANJANI was elected with 63% of the vote
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers; selected by the president with legislative approval
- Legislative branch:
- unicameral
- Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami):
- elections last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results -
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by
- party NA
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
-
-
- Political parties and leaders:
- there are at least 76 licensed parties; the three most important are -
- Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant
- Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar
- MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI
- Other political or pressure groups:
- groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah,
- Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students Following the Line of
- the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed
- by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's
- Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society for the Defense of Freedom
- Member of:
- CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,
- IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
- IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
- UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, DC
- chancery:
- Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 965-4990
- US diplomatic representation:
- protecting power in Iran is Switzerland
- Flag:
- three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national
- emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in
- the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is
- repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along
- the top edge of the red band
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and
- other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private
- trading and service ventures. Over the past several years, the government
- has introduced several measures to liberalize the economy and reduce
- government intervention, but most of these changes have moved slowly because
- of political opposition. Iran has faced increasingly severe financial
- difficulties since mid-1992 due to an import surge that began in 1989 and
- general financial mismanagement. At yearend 1993 the Iranian Government
- estimated that it owed foreign creditors about $30 billion; an estimated $8
- billion of this debt was in arrears. At yearend 1994, Iran rescheduled $12
- billion in debt. Earnings from oil exports - which provide 90% of Iran's
- export revenues - are providing less relief to Iran than usual because of
- reduced oil prices.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $310 billion (1994 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- -2% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $4,720 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 35% (1994)
- Unemployment rate:
- over 30% (1994 est.)
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $NA
- expenditures:
- $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
- Exports:
- $16 billion (f.o.b., FY92/93 est.)
- commodities:
- petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides
- partners:
- Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany
- Imports:
- $18 billion (c.i.f., FY92/93 est.)
- commodities:
- machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals,
- technical services, refined oil products
- partners:
- Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, UAE
- External debt:
- $30 billion (December 1993)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 4.6% (1993 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP, including
- petroleum
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 19,080,000 kW
- production:
- 50.8 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 745 kWh (1993)
- Industries:
- petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials,
- food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production),
- metal fabricating, armaments and military equipment
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Economy
- Agriculture:
- accounts for about 20% of GDP; principal products - wheat, rice, other
- grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not
- self-sufficient in food
- Illicit drugs:
- illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug
- trade; produced 35-70 metric tons in 1993; net opiate importer but also a
- key transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe
- Economic aid:
- recipient:
- US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1 billion; Western (non-US)
- countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion;
- Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million
- note:
- aid fell sharply following the 1979 revolution
- Currency:
- 10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are generally
- referred to in terms of the toman
- Exchange rates:
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,749.04 (January 1995), 1,748.75 (1994),
- 1,267.77 (1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991); black market rate: 3,000
- rials per US$1 (December 1994)
- Fiscal year:
- 21 March - 20 March
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 4,850 km; note - 480 km under construction from Bafq to Bandar-e 'Abbas;
- segment from Bafq to Sirjan has been completed and is operational; section
- from Sirjan to Bandar-e 'Abbas still under construction
- broad gauge:
- 90 km 1.676-m gauge
- narrow gauge:
- 4,760 km 1.432-m gauge
- Highways:
- total:
- 140,200 km
- paved:
- 42,694 km
- unpaved:
- gravel, crushed stone 46,866 km; improved earth 49,440 km; unimproved earth
- 1,200 km
- Inland waterways:
- 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about
- 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km
- Ports:
- Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Ahvaz, Bandar
- Beheshti, Bandar-e 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e
- Khomeyni, Bandar-e Mah Shahr, Bandar-e Torkeman, Jazireh-ye Khark,
- Jazireh-ye Lavan, Jazireh-ye Sirri, Khorramshahr (limited operation since
- November 1992), Now Shahr
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 132 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,816,820 GRT/6,991,693 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 48, cargo 38, chemical tanker 5, combination bulk 2, liquefied gas
- tanker 1, oil tanker 26, refrigerated cargo 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 8,
- short-sea passenger 1
- Airports:
- total:
- 261
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 28
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 12
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 32
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 20
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 46
- with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:
- 2
- with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 2
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 18
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 101
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 2,143,000 telephones; 35 telephones/1,000 persons
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- microwave radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran
- international:
- 3 INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth stations; HF radio
- and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan,
- and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber optic cable to UAE
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 77, FM 3, shortwave 0
- radios:
- NA
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 28
- televisions:
- NA
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Iran
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force,
- Revolutionary Guards (includes Basij militia with its ground, air, and naval
- forces), Law Enforcement Forces
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 14,639,290; males fit for military service 8,703,732; males
- reach military age (21) annually 615,096 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- according to official Iranian data, Iran spent 1,785 billion rials,
- including $808 million in hard currency, in 1992 and budgeted 2,507 billion
- rials, including $850 million in hard currency, for 1993
- note:
- conversion of rial expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange
- rate could produce misleading results
-